Levamisole as vaccine adjuvant works as a separate oral course, not as an ingredient inside the shot. In a two-species study, oral levamisole given alongside an intramuscular foot-and-mouth disease vaccine lifted antibody and neutralizing responses in both mice and swine. Survival after challenge in mice went from 2 of 5 to 5 of 5. The injectable vaccine was never reformulated. Why levamisole as vaccine adjuvant is a scheduling question Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the costliest infections of cloven-hoofed livestock. An outbreak stops animal movement, cuts productivity, and closes export markets. Inactivated vaccination stays the backbone of control. Producers want more protection out of the vaccines they already own. What…