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Theileria drug resistance: targeting the mitochondria
Theileria drug resistance is spreading because bovine theileriosis treatment leans on a single drug, buparvaquone. A drug-repurposing screen of the Global Health Priority Box found that rotenone kills Theileria annulata infected cells, keeps working against buparvaquone-resistant cells, and collapses their mitochondrial energy supply. That makes mitochondrial bioenergetics a resistance-independent target for next-generation antiparasitic drugs. Why theileria drug resistance has become a livestock problem Bovine theileriosis is a severe tick-borne disease, and Theileria annulata is the parasite behind it across tropical and subtropical regions. Herds pay for the infection in mortality, reduced milk yield, lost productivity and reproductive impairment. Commercial operations feel it most, because they have no second drug class…
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Levamisole as vaccine adjuvant: dose, schedule and FMD data
Levamisole as vaccine adjuvant works as a separate oral course, not as an ingredient inside the shot. In a two-species study, oral levamisole given alongside an intramuscular foot-and-mouth disease vaccine lifted antibody and neutralizing responses in both mice and swine. Survival after challenge in mice went from 2 of 5 to 5 of 5. The injectable vaccine was never reformulated. Why levamisole as vaccine adjuvant is a scheduling question Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the costliest infections of cloven-hoofed livestock. An outbreak stops animal movement, cuts productivity, and closes export markets. Inactivated vaccination stays the backbone of control. Producers want more protection out of the vaccines they already own. What…
